The correspondence between Stephen Decatur and James Barron, published in 1820, is not merely a record of events but a carefully constructed rhetorical exchange. From the opening letter, dated June 12, 1819, Barron adopts a confrontational tone, demanding that Decatur avow or deny a reported insult. Decatur's reply, dated June 17, immediately introduces a procedural objection—Barron's failure to name his informer—while simultaneously asserting his own candor. This interplay of accusation, deflection, and escalating formality defines the entire collection.

The Opening Gambit: Diction and Defiance

Barron's first letter is a model of calculated ambiguity. He writes, "I have been informed, in Norfolk, that you have said that you could insult me with impunity, or words to that effect." The phrase "or words to that effect" hedges the accusation, allowing Barron to avoid committing to a precise quotation while still issuing a challenge. Decatur's response seizes on this vagueness, demanding "the name of your informer" as a prerequisite for further discussion. He then denies the specific phrase, calling it "so much egotism." The word "egotism" is a pointed choice, shifting the focus from the truth of the statement to Barron's character for making such a claim. This early exchange establishes a pattern: each man uses precise legalistic language to frame the other as unreasonable.

Escalation Through Historical Reference

As the correspondence progresses, both men invoke past events to bolster their positions. Barron references the "affair" of the Chesapeake and Leopard, a naval incident from 1807, to question Decatur's knowledge of its causes. He writes, "you are ignorant even of the causes which led to it." This is a direct attack on Decatur's professional competence. Decatur, in turn, accuses Barron of sailing under "British license" during the War of 1812—a charge that, if true, would amount to treason. Barron's rebuttal is detailed: he denies the charge, notes that Decatur later abandoned it, and insists that Decatur should have "ascertained that it was founded on fact, and not on rumour." The word "rumour" recurs, becoming a key term in the dispute over evidence and reputation.

The Rhetoric of Honor and Accountability

Both men frame their arguments in terms of honor and professional duty. Barron insists that his absence during the war was justified by circumstances "beyond my control" and that the government had not deemed it "reprehensible." He cites the President's personal conduct and a memorial from the Virginia Delegation as proof of his standing. Decatur, by contrast, emphasizes the obligations of a naval officer: "That frankness which ought to characterize our profession required it." The word "frankness" is a loaded term, implying that Barron's initial letter lacked candor. Barron pushes back, accusing Decatur of relying on "random assertion" and "rumour" rather than fact. The correspondence thus becomes a battle over who adheres to the codes of honor and evidence, with each man claiming the moral high ground.

The Unresolved Question of Motive

Despite the detailed arguments, the correspondence leaves key questions unanswered. Barron hints at "circumstances beyond my control" that prevented his return during the war, but he refuses to explain them to Decatur, stating it is "not incumbent on me to explain to you." This deliberate opacity suggests that Barron is withholding information that might exonerate him, perhaps to maintain leverage. Decatur, for his part, never fully explains why he believed Barron had sailed under British license; he merely cites "information received by you from a gentleman entitled to the fullest credit." The reader is left to infer that both men are selective in their disclosures, using partial truths to construct narratives that serve their own honor. The editorial note prefacing the correspondence claims to present the letters "without comment," but the selection and arrangement themselves constitute a form of commentary.

Readers should attend to the way each letter redefines the terms of the dispute. Barron and Decatur are not simply recounting facts; they are performing their honor through language. The correspondence is a duel of words, where every phrase is chosen to wound or defend. By observing the shifts in tone—from formal accusation to bitter recrimination—one can trace the path that led to the "unfortunate meeting" of March 22, 1820.